(OSV News) -- What does it mean to safeguard our humanity? That question is at the heart of Pope Leo XIV's much anticipated first encyclical, "Magnifica Humanitas: On Safeguarding the Human Person in the Time of Artificial Intelligence," released May 25. The following are some key things to know about this weighty papal letter.
1.) Latin for "Magnificent Humanity," the title is drawn from the opening words of the text as rendered in Latin, as is customary for papal encyclicals. Those words state, in its English translation, "Humanity, created by God in all its grandeur, is today facing a pivotal choice: either to construct a new Tower of Babel or to build the city in which God and humanity dwell together." Throughout the encyclical, Pope Leo points to "the grandeur of humanity," with men and women created by God for relationship with him and each other, cooperating in God's creative work and guided by the Holy Spirit.
2.) The document is about 42,000 words long, including footnotes, making it roughly the size of a novella. It spans five chapters sandwiched between a robust introduction and conclusion. The first chapter traces the development of Catholic social doctrine, or social teaching, especially since "Rerum Novarum," Pope Leo XIII's seminal 1891 encyclical on the dignity of labor. The second chapter dives into the substance of Catholic social teaching. The third chapter explores the challenges artificial intelligence presents to humanity; the fourth chapter hones in on safeguarding truth, work and freedom; and the fifth chapter focuses on the implications of AI in warfare.
3.) From education and jobs to private tech companies and families, "Magnifica Humanitas" is wide-ranging. It touches on the prospect of massive unemployment, the future of education, the protection of human freedom, excessive screen time for young people and technology addiction, data ownership, cryptocurrencies, economic disparities, environmental impacts, transhumanism and posthumanism, and cyberattacks and other forms of warfare. Pope Leo addresses the idea of "moral AI," and argues that the basis for "alignment of AI with human values" requires "openly discussing the ethical frameworks involved and subjecting them to shared standards of social justice" in a conversation inclusive to all communities.
4.) The document includes references to an array of influential thinkers. Beyond Pope Leo's papal predecessors, the letter points to or quotes Dorothy Day, Maria Montessori, Martin Luther King Jr., J.R.R. Tolkien, Plato, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops and the American humanist thinker Hannah Arendt, among others. And, of course, Pope Leo weaves in St. Augustine, the patron of Pope Leo's Augustinian religious order and Pope Leo's ever-present guide, particularly through the African bishop's important fifth-century book, "The City of God."
5.) It uses biblical imagery, imploring people to examine what humanity is building in "the construction site of our time." The Tower of Babel and the City of God are contrasted throughout the encyclical to illustrate the two possible directions that the era of AI could take: a path of arrogance, artificial sense of self-sufficiency and chaos, or a path towards communion, relationship and God. Pope Leo underlines the critical need for developing a process for discernment to guide the development of AI. "The task of building today must place our relationship with God at its center," Pope Leo writes.
6.) Despite its challenges, AI is not to be inherently feared. "Technology should not be considered, in itself, as a force antagonistic to humanity," he writes. "Over the centuries, technological development has significantly improved the living conditions of humanity. At the same time, each phase of progress has also revealed the ambiguity of tools that can cause harm when not oriented toward the good." He speaks directly to AI developers, telling them that "technological innovation can represent human participation in the divine act of creation," and therefore they "bear a particular ethical and spiritual responsibility, for every design choice reflects a vision of humanity."
7.) Taking time for discernment is critical in our path forward. The encyclical invites people of goodwill into "a shared discernment process for identifying the spiritual and cultural roots of ongoing transformations" as they relate to AI. "We are living through a rapid phase of transition, a 'change of era,' in which ... most people are watching and waiting, observing from afar and merely hoping for the best," Pope Leo writes. "For this very reason, crucial questions impose themselves on our conscience and can no longer be avoided: Where are we going? Toward what goal do we wish to orient ourselves? What direction should we choose as people and as a human community?"
8.) It explains the principles of Catholic social teaching and why they are important in building a future where humanity flourishes. Pope Leo explains central tenets of Catholic social teaching -- the dignity of the person, the common good, the universal destination of goods, subsidiarity, solidarity and justice -- as he makes the case for their use as guiding principles for AI. "The Social Doctrine of the Church is a legacy of wisdom, where we find principles for thought, criteria for discernment and judgment, and concrete guidelines for action," Pope Leo writes. "Founded on Sacred Scripture and Tradition, and in engagement with the sciences, it helps us clearly interpret the challenges of the present and identify appropriate ways for living out a clear Christian witness, with joy and in service to the world. It is not an inert set of concepts, but a living corpus of truth that safeguards and interprets humanity’s vocation to a full and just life." As AI has exponentially advanced and become part of daily life, people of goodwill must "face the challenges of our time with clarity of thought and responsibility," he writes.
9.) People cannot be reduced to machines, measured for their efficiency and valued for their "optimization." Artificial intelligence "threatens to normalize an anti-human vision," Pope Leo writes. "In that vision, the fullness of life is equated with having more, reducing weakness, eliminating uncertainty and exerting total control. When efficiency becomes the ultimate measure of value, human beings are tempted to see themselves as a project to be optimized rather than as persons called to relationship and communion." Instead, "the quality of a civilization," he writes, "is measured not by the power of its means, but by the care it is able to offer, by its ability to recognize the other as a face not merely as a function."
10.) Robust ethical consideration should be given to AI's impact on war. Pope Leo is particularly concerned that AI, "detached from ethics and responsibility, will render decisions about life and death more rapid and impersonal, and will present the use of force as an immediate and viable option." In calling for the principles of Catholic social teaching to serve as decision-making guidelines, he condemns "the spread of a culture of power characterized by polarization and violence." Instead, he calls humanity to "the civilization of love," which is "no naïve utopia, but a demanding project, which consists in translating charity into structures of justice, giving institutional form to fraternity, and regarding others -- whether individuals or peoples -- as allies necessary for building the common good." He also gives criteria for using AI in war.
11.) "Magnifica Humanitas" is actually all about relationship. Throughout the encyclical, Pope Leo points to humanity's relationship to God and relationship to each other. In this area, he underscores action over passivity, and urges people to work toward "a willed and chosen solidarity." He writes, "This is the guiding principle for technological processes: it is not enough for artificial intelligence to make us more efficient or connected; it must also serve to build a universal human family, with shared rights and duties, where digital proximity becomes a real opportunity for encounter and mutual care."
12.) Whatever the future holds, humanity's meaning is rooted in Jesus Christ. The document's conclusion includes a compelling reflection on the Incarnation through the "face of the Son of God, the grandeur of humanity that shines a light also on the era of AI." "No computational system, however sophisticated, can create a heart that gives itself, or a conscience that discerns good from evil. Even when machines excel in efficiency, a human face that asks to be gazed upon remains the center of our history," Pope Leo writes. "This human face is the fullness toward which history is moving."
13.) The encyclical calls for personal conversion. The pope proposes for the Christian "a sober yet demanding program of Christian life with which we can navigate this epochal change in the light of the Gospel" centered on "contemplating God's plan," receiving the Eucharist, "building a world centered on the common good," and praying in union with Mary. He encourages people to cultivate community and in-person relationships, educate young people to love wisdom, spend time with the poor and lonely, be a voice for justice, defend objective truth, and treat the digital world as "a new continent to be evangelized." His final reflection centers on the "Magnificat," Mary's famous canticle glorifying God, recounted in the first chapter of the Gospel of Luke. Pope Leo writes: "In the humble fidelity of daily life, even the era of AI can become a time in which the Holy Spirit brings about the civilization of love in our lives."
